| Abstract: |
High-rise reinforced concrete (RC) buildings are slender, flexible and lightly damped systems whose design is frequently governed by the combined action of earthquake and wind excitation. Seismic design methodologies are mature and codified, and wind engineering has progressed from quasi-static pressures to boundary-layer wind tunnel testing and computational fluid dynamics, yet the two hazards are still handled as almost independent design checks. This review consolidates and re-examines the published work on the analysis and design of tall RC buildings under seismic and wind loads, with emphasis on how past investigations have shaped codified practice and where their assumptions become unreliable. A structured survey narrowed more than two hundred screened records to thirty core sources spanning 1959 to 2026, organised into themes covering fundamental period and stiffness estimation, equivalent static and response spectrum analysis, nonlinear and performance-based assessment, wind tunnel testing and aerodynamic shape modification, structural systems including shear-wall cores, outriggers, belt trusses and damped systems, multi-hazard assessment, and emerging data-driven methods. A transparent three-stage review protocol covering source identification, thematic coding and weighted synthesis is described, supported by independent code-based trend analyses. The critical analysis quantifies the divergence between code period formulas and measured periods, locates the height-dependent crossover at which wind rather than earthquake governs slender Indian towers, and identifies inelastic wind response, drift-comfort conflicts, sequential hazards and soil-structure interaction as unresolved issues. The discussion distils the evidence into design-oriented recommendations and a prioritised research agenda, and the conclusion calls for a unified, probabilistic multi-hazard performance framework supported by validated experimental benchmarks. |
